Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease, causing mild inflammation of the gums, while gum disease refers to a broader condition that includes both gingivitis and its more severe form, periodontitis. Gingivitis is reversible with proper oral care, but if left untreated, it can progress into periodontitis, which can lead to gum recession, bone loss and even tooth loss.
Understanding the key differences between these conditions is essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing long term complications.
What Are The Main Signs Of Gingivitis?
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that primarily affects the soft tissues surrounding the teeth. The symptoms are often subtle, which is why many people do not realise they have it. Common signs of gingivitis include:
- Red or swollen gums that may feel tender.
- Bleeding gums, especially when brushing your teeth or flossing.
- Persistent bad breath (halitosis) despite regular oral care.
- A build-up of plaque or tartar along the gumline.
Since gingivitis does not cause irreversible damage to the gums or supporting structures, it can be effectively treated with improved oral hygiene and professional cleanings.
The symptoms of gingivitis are often subtle, which is why many people do not realise they have it.
How Does Gum Disease Progress Beyond Gingivitis?
If gingivitis is not treated, it can develop into periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease that affects both the gums and the underlying bone that supports the teeth. Unlike gingivitis, periodontitis causes permanent damage.
As gum disease advances, the gums start to pull away from the teeth, forming periodontal pockets where bacteria can thrive. Over time, these bacteria lead to infection, which breaks down the connective tissue and bone. This process can result in:
- Gum recession, exposing the tooth roots.
- Increased tooth sensitivity due to root exposure.
- Loose teeth as the bone deteriorates.
- Tooth loss in severe cases.
It has been found that over 45% of adults in the UK have some form of gum disease, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment.
What Are the Key Differences Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis?
The main difference between gingivitis and periodontitis is the level of damage they cause:
| Feature | Gingivitis | Periodontitis |
|---|---|---|
| Reversibility | Completely reversible | Permanent damage |
| Gum inflammation | Mild swelling and redness | Significant inflammation, gum recession |
| Bleeding | Occurs when brushing/flossing | Frequent bleeding, even without contact |
| Pain level | Usually painless | May cause pain and sensitivity |
| Bone loss | No bone loss | Bone deterioration occurs |
| Tooth loss | No tooth loss | Teeth may become loose or fall out |
What Causes Gingivitis and Gum Disease?
Both gingivitis and periodontitis are caused by plaque buildup, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. If plaque is not removed through brushing and flossing, it hardens into tartar, which can only be removed by a dentist. Other contributing factors include:
- Smoking, which weakens gum tissue and slows healing.
- Poor oral hygiene, allowing plaque to accumulate.
- Diabetes, which affects the body’s ability to fight infection.
- Hormonal changes, such as pregnancy or menopause.
- Certain medications that reduce saliva production, leading to a dry mouth.
How Can Gingivitis Be Treated?
Since gingivitis is reversible, treatment focuses on removing plaque and improving oral hygiene. Steps to cure gingivitis include:
-
- Professional Cleaning – A dentist or hygienist performs scaling to remove plaque and tartar from the gumline.
- Daily Brushing & Flossing – Brushing your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and flossing help to prevent plaque build-up.
- Antibacterial Mouthwash – Helps reduce bacteria and inflammation.
- Lifestyle Changes – Quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet can improve gum health.
Can Periodontitis Be Treated?
Periodontitis cannot be completely reversed, but treatments can slow its progression and prevent further damage. Depending on the severity, treatments include scaling and root planing which involves deep cleaning to remove plaque and bacteria below the gumline.
Antibiotics can also be used to help control any bacterial infection. In severe cases, procedures like gum grafting or flap surgery may be needed to restore damaged tissue.
Periodontitis cannot be completely reversed, but treatments can slow its progression and prevent further damage.
How Can You Prevent Gingivitis and Gum Disease?
Preventing gum disease starts with good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups. Key preventive measures include:
- Brushing teeth twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste.
- Flossing daily to remove plaque between teeth.
- Regular dental visits for professional cleanings and check-ups.
- Eating a balanced diet to support gum health.
- Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
By taking these steps, you can prevent gingivitis from developing into more severe gum disease and maintain a healthy smile for years to come.
Final Thoughts
While gingivitis and gum disease are related, they differ in severity and long term effects. Gingivitis is the early, reversible stage of gum disease, whereas periodontitis causes permanent damage to the gums and bone.
Recognising the signs of gingivitis and taking action early can prevent the progression to severe gum disease, reducing the risk of tooth loss and other oral health complications. Regular dental care and good oral hygiene will help to keep your gums healthy.
Dr Simon Stern is a registered Specialist Periodontist at The Perio Centre. His qualifications include BDS MJDF RCS (Eng) MClinDent MPerio RCS (Ed). He lectures at both national and international conferences, and has published papers in several well-respected journals.
